Cynthia

Key Takeaways Core role & benefit of secondary antibodies Key structural elements Crucial selection rules Types and labels Applications Future enhancementsPrimary antibodies – first line of detection in immunoassays, and bind specifically to a target antigen (a protein, peptide, or other biomolecule). What are secondary antibodies? Secondary antibodies are labeled with markers (like an enzyme, dye, or fluorescent tag)....

Phosphorylation is when a phosphate group is added to a protein. It usually happens on specific amino acids comprising the protein – specifically, serine, threonine, or tyrosine – and is performed by specialized enzymes called kinases. Phosphorylation helps to “turn on” or control important processes in cells. Phospho-specific antibodies are special tools, primarily made...

An Overview Recombinant antibodies are lab-made alternatives to traditional monoclonal antibodies. No animals are used in their production. Allow for high batch-to-batch consistency, scalability, and customization. Ideal for research and diagnostics. Types of recombinant antibodies include chimeric antibodies and smaller fragments like scFv, Fab, and VHH. These antibodies are engineered for better tissue penetration. There will be shorter...

An antibody is a protein that helps protect the body internally. Key Takeaways Antibodies are proteins that defend the body against harmful invaders. Each B cell makes antibodies for one specific antigen. Antibodies recognize and bind to antigens (the vast majority of which are “foreign”) and help remove them. Antibody structure is Y-shaped with two antigen-binding sites. Five...

Key Takeaways Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are lab-made proteins. They are very precise in their targeting of harmful substances like viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells. There are four main types of mAbs based on their origin: murine (mouse),...

When the body’s immune system detects the presence of something “foreign”, like bacteria or viruses (called antigens), it activates, and produces various responses. This includes activation of certain immune cells called B cells, which begin making special proteins known as antibodies. Polyclonal antibodies are a mix of different antibodies...