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▼Active Proteins
AAA Biotech also known as AAA Bio or AAABio provides a variety of high-quality recombinant and natural/native proteins that are proven to work in a wide range of experiments. Explore our products to find the active protein that best fits your needs or experimental model.
Viewing 250-300 of 2567 product results
Guanine Deaminase, Active Protein (Cat# AAA39144)
Full Name
Recombinant Human Guanine Deaminase, Active
Gene Names
GDA; CYPIN; GUANASE; NEDASIN
Purity
Greater than 90.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
BAFF/TNFSF13B, Active Protein (Cat# AAA48992)
Full Name
Recombinant human BAFF/TNFSF13B protein
Gene Names
TNFSF13B; DTL; BAFF; BLYS; CD257; TALL1; THANK; ZTNF4; TALL-1; TNFSF20
Applications
Bioactivity, SDS-PAGE
Purity
> 95% by SDS-PAGE
Pricing
Alpha-2 Antiplasmin, Active Protein (Cat# AAA44856)
Full Name
Alpha-2 Antiplasmin, Human Plasma
Gene Names
SERPINF2; AAP; API; PLI; A2AP; ALPHA-2-PI
Purity
>= 95% (SDS-PAGE)
Pricing
Adenylate Kinase 2, Active Protein (Cat# AAA38616)
Full Name
Recombinant Human Adenylate Kinase 2
Gene Names
AK2; ADK2; AK 2
Purity
Greater than 95.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Alpha-Amylase, Active Protein (Cat# AAA44778)
Full Name
a-Amylase, Human Saliva
Gene Names
AMY1A; AMY1
Purity
>= 90% (SDS-PAGE), doublet at approximatley 60 kDa)
Pricing
Application Data
COVID 19 Spike S1 Coronavirus, Active Protein (Cat# AAA268891)
Full Name
SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) Spike Protein (S1 Subunit, Fc Tag)
Purity
>85 % as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Application Data
COVID 19 Spike RBD Coronavirus, Active Protein (Cat# AAA268894)
Full Name
SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) Spike Protein (RBD, His Tag)
Purity
>95% as determined by SDS-PAG
Pricing
Application Data
(Measured by its ability to bind human CD32a-His in a functional ELISA.)
IgG2, Active Protein (Cat# AAA258022)
Full Name
IgG2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (257 Ser/Ala)
Purity
>90% as determined by SDS-PAGE
Pricing
Application Data
(The purity of SARS-COV-2 Spike S1 Protein with His tag (Cat.AAA281532) was greater than 90% as determined by SEC-HPLC.)
COVID 19 Spike S1 Coronavirus, Active Protein (Cat# AAA281532)
Full Name
Recombinant 2019-nCoV Spike S1 Protein with His tag
Purity
> 90% by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Interleukin-1 alpha, Active Protein (Cat# AAA38549)
Full Name
Recombinant Mouse Interleukin-1 alpha
Gene Names
Il1a; Il-1a
Purity
Greater than 98.0% as determined by: (a) Analysis by RP-HPLC. (b) Analysis by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 7 Member A2, Active Protein (Cat# AAA38659)
Full Name
Recombinant Human Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 7 Member A2
Gene Names
AKR7A2; AFAR; AKR7; AFAR1; AFB1-AR1
Purity
Greater than 90.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Aldose Reductase, Active Protein (Cat# AAA38715)
Full Name
Recombinant Human Aldose Reductase
Gene Names
AKR1B1; AR; ADR; ALR2; ALDR1
Purity
Greater than 95.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C1, Active Protein (Cat# AAA38788)
Full Name
Recombinant Human Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C1
Gene Names
AKR1C1; C9; DD1; DDH; DDH1; H-37; HBAB; MBAB; HAKRC; DD1/DD2; 2-ALPHA-HSD; 20-ALPHA-HSD
Purity
Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Application Data
COVID 19 Spike RBD Coronavirus, Active Protein (Cat# AAA268888)
Full Name
SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) Spike Protein (RBD, His Tag)
Purity
>95% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
P450 Oxidoreductase, Active Protein (Cat# AAA37991)
Full Name
Recombinant Human P450 Oxidoreductase
Gene Names
POR; CPR; CYPOR; P450R
Purity
Greater than 90.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C3, Active Protein (Cat# AAA38665)
Full Name
Recombinant Human Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C3
Gene Names
AKR1C3; DD3; DDX; PGFS; HAKRB; HAKRe; HA1753; HSD17B5; hluPGFS
Purity
Greater than 95.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Cytidine Deaminase, Active Protein (Cat# AAA38875)
Full Name
Recombinant Human Cytidine Deaminase
Gene Names
CDA; CDD
Purity
Greater than 90.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Application Data
(Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized human B7-H6-His at 10 ug/mL (100 uL/well) can bind human NCR3-Fch, the EC50 of human NCR3-Fch is 6-200 ng/mL.)
B7-H6, Active Protein (Cat# AAA258051)
Full Name
B7-H6 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His Tag)
Gene Names
NCR3LG1; B7H6; B7-H6; DKFZp686O24166
Purity
>95% as determined by SDS-PAGE
Pricing
Application Data
(Figure. Cell proliferation of Raji cells after stimulated with IL6.Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine. Interleukin 6 is secreted by T cells and macrophages to stimulate immune response and also plays a role in fighting infection. It supports the growth of B cells and is antagonistic to regulatory T cells. To test the effect of IL6 on cell proliferation, Raji cells were seeded into triplicate wells of 96-well plates at a density of 5,000 cells/well with 1% serum standard 1640 which contains various concentrations of recombinant dog IL6. After incubated for 5 days, cells were observed by inverted microscope and cell proliferation was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Briefly, 10uL of CCK-8 solution was added to each well of the plate, then the absorbance at 450nm was measured using a microplate reader after incubating the plate for 1-4 hours at 37 degree C. Proliferation of Raji cells after incubation with IL6 for 5 days observed by inverted microscope was shown in Figure 1. Cell viability was assessed by CCK-8 (Cell Counting Kit-8) assay after incubation with recombinant IL6 for 5 days. The result was shown in Figure 2. It was obvious that IL6 significantly increased cell viability of Raji cells.(A) Raji cells cultured in 1640, stimulated with 1ng/mL IL6 for 5 days; (B) Unstimulated Raji cells cultured in 1640 for 5 days.)
Interleukin 6, Active Protein (Cat# AAA150062)
Full Name
Active Interleukin 6 (IL6)
Gene Names
IL6; IL-6
Applications
Activity Assay, Cell Culture
Purity
>95%
Pricing
Phosphoglucomutase, Active Protein (Cat# AAA44730)
Full Name
Phosphoglucomutase, Rabbit Muscle
Gene Names
PGM; ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE; ATPGMP; MIO24.4; MIO24_4; PGM; PGM1; phosphoglucomutase; PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE; STARCH-FREE 1; STF1
Purity
Purified
Adiponectin glycosilated, Active Protein (Cat# AAA38203)
Full Name
Recombinant Mouse Adiponectin glycosilated, HEK
Gene Names
Adipoq; Ad; APN; Acdc; apM1; 30kDa; GBP28; adipo; Acrp30
Purity
Purity of adiponectin mouse recombinant is >98% (HPLC and SDS PAGE analyzed).
Pricing
Aeromonas Aminopeptidase, Active Protein (Cat# AAA38247)
Full Name
Recombinant Aeromonas Aminopeptidase
Purity
Greater than 95.0% as determined by SEC-HPLC.
Pricing
Growth and Differentiation factor 7, Active Protein (Cat# AAA37990)
Full Name
Recombinant Human Growth and Differentiation factor 7
Gene Names
GDF7; BMP12
Purity
Greater than 95.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Matrix Metalloproteinase-2, Active Protein (Cat# AAA39014)
Full Name
Recombinant Human Matrix Metalloproteinase-2, HEK
Gene Names
MMP2; CLG4; MONA; CLG4A; MMP-2; TBE-1; MMP-II
Purity
Greater than 95% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Bioactivity
(Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) catalyzes the reversible reaction of CO2 H2O = HCO3- H, which is fundamental to many processes such as respiration, renal tubular acidification and bone resorption. CA2 is a cytosolic enzyme with the highest activity among all known CAs. Mutations in the CA2 gene result in the CA II deficiency syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder that produces osteopetrosis, renal tubular acidosis and cerebral calcification. The activity of recombinant chicken CA2 was measured by its ability to hydrolyze 4-Nitrophenyl acetate (4-NPA) to 4-Nitrophenol. The reaction was performed in 12.5 mM Tris, 75 mM NaCl, pH 7.5 (assay buffer), initiated by addition 50 uL of various concentrations of CA2 (diluted by assay buffer) to 50 uL of 2 mM substrate 4-NPA (100 mM stock in Acetone, diluted by assay buffer). Incubated at 37 degree C for 5min, then read at a wavelength of 400 nm.)
Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA2), Active Protein (Cat# AAA161775)
Full Name
Active Carbonic Anhydrase II (CA2)
Applications
Activity Assay, Cell Culture
Purity
Greater than 90% by SDS-PAGE
Pricing
Bioactivity
(Serum Amyloid A2 (SAA2) is a multifunctional apolipoprotein that belongs to SAA family. SAA2 is produced by hepatocytes in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines and is the most prominent members of the acute phase response (APR) during which their serum levels rise dramatically after trauma, infection and other stimuli. Besides, Apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) has been identified as an interactor of SAA2, thus a functional binding ELISA assay was conducted to detect the interaction of recombinant human SAA2 and recombinant human APOC3. Briefly, SAA2 were diluted serially in PBS, with 0.01% BSA (pH 7.4). Duplicate samples of 100 ul were then transferred to APOC3-coated microtiter wells and incubated for 2h at 37 degree C. Wells were washed with PBST and incubated for 1h with anti-SAA2 pAb, then aspirated and washed 3 times. After incubation with HRP labelled secondary antibody, wells were aspirated and washed 5 times. With the addition of substrate solution, wells were incubated 15-25 minutes at 37 degree C. Finally, add 50 uL stop solution to the wells and read at 450 nm immediately. The binding activity of recombinant human SAA2 and recombinant human APOC3 was shown in Figure 1, and this effect was in a dose dependent manner.)
Serum Amyloid A2 (SAA2), Active Protein (Cat# AAA161860)
Full Name
Active Serum Amyloid A2 (SAA2)
Applications
Activity Assay, Cell Culture
Purity
Greater than 95% by SDS-PAGE
Pricing
Application Data
(Measured in a cell proliferation assay using BALB/c 3T3 mouse fibroblasts. The ED50 for this effect is typically 0.6-3 ug/mL.)
FGF17, Active Protein (Cat# AAA258010)
Full Name
FGF17 Protein, Human, Recombinant
Gene Names
FGF17; HH20; FGF-13; FGF-17
Purity
>95% as determined by SDS-PAGE
Pricing
Application Data
(Measured by its ability to induce apoptosis of TF1 human erythroleukemic cells.The ED50 for this effect is typically 20-120 ng/mL.)
TL1A, Active Protein (Cat# AAA258057)
Full Name
TL1A Protein, Human, Recombinant (rFc Tag)
Gene Names
TNFSF15; TL1; TL1A; VEGI; VEGI192A
Purity
>90% as determined by SDS-PAGE
Pricing
Activin A, Active Protein (Cat# AAA75456)
Full Name
Activin A protein
Purity
Greater than 95% by SDS-PAGE gel and HPLC Analyses
Pricing
Bioactivity
(SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD is coated at 5 ug/ml (100 ul/well) can bind Human ACE-2. The ED50 range )
ACE-2, Active Protein (Cat# AAA48372)
Full Name
Recombinant human ACE-2 protein
Gene Names
ACE2; ACEH
Applications
Enzyme Activity, SDS-PAGE
Purity
>90% by SDS-PAGE
Pricing
Platelet Derived Growth Factor-BB, Active Protein (Cat# AAA38232)
Full Name
Recombinant Human Platelet Derived Growth Factor-BB
Gene Names
PDGFB; SIS; SSV; IBGC5; PDGF2; c-sis; PDGF-2
Purity
Greater than 95.0% as determined by: (a) Analysis by RP-HPLC. (b) Analysis by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Thrombin, Active Protein (Cat# AAA37801)
Full Name
Mouse Thrombin
Gene Names
F2; Cf2; FII; Cf-2; thrombin
Purity
>95% by SDS-PAGE analysis
Pricing
Application Data
COVID 19 Spike S1 Coronavirus, Active Protein (Cat# AAA268893)
Full Name
SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) Spike Protein (S1 Subunit, His Tag)
Purity
>90 % as determined by SDS-PAGE
Pricing
Bioactivity
(Annexin V (ANXA5) is a multifunctional protein that is highly expressed on the apical surfaces of syncytiotrophoblasts, and plays an important role in haemostatic regulations, maintaining blood fluidity of the placenta. Lower ANXA5 levels have been observed in M2/ANXA5 haplotype carrying chorion. The association found between the maternal carriage of the M2/ANXA5 haplotype and an elevated risk of IUGR and/or PE supports the hypothesis that carrier status of this haplotype and the consequently reduced placental ANXA5 expression might be responsible, at least partially, for the onset of these gestational vascular complications. Annexin V is a calcium-dependent phospholipid binding protein that can be used to bind Phosphatidylserine (PS) during an early apoptosis event where the PS becomes exposed at the cell surface. Jurkat cells were treated with 10 uM camptothecin for 4h, 2*105 cells which were resuspended in binding buffer were stained with 5 ug recombinant human Annexin V-FITC and 10 ul Propidium iodide (PI) for 20min in dark room temperature. The flow cytometry was used to detect the early apoptotic and late apoptotic of camptothecin-treated Jurkat cells (Figure 1), the combination of Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide allows for the distinction between early apoptotic cells (Annexin V-FITC positive and propidium iodide negative), late apoptotic and/or necrotic cells (Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide positive), and viable cells (unstained). Thus, the recombinant human Annexin V-FITC can bind Phosphatidylserine (PS) at early apoptosis of Jurkat.)
Annexin V (ANXA5), Active Protein (Cat# AAA161722)
Full Name
Active Annexin V (ANXA5)
Gene Names
ANXA5; PP4; ANX5; ENX2; RPRGL3; HEL-S-7
Applications
Activity Assay, Cell Culture
Purity
Greater than 95% by SDS-PAGE
Pricing
tissue plasminogen activator, >85% single chain, Active Protein (Cat# AAA37793)
Full Name
Human tissue plasminogen activator, >85% single chain
Gene Names
PLAT; TPA; T-PA
Purity
>95% by SDS-PAGE analysis
Pricing
Glutamic-Pyruvate Transaminase, Active Protein (Cat# AAA38251)
Full Name
Recombinant Human Glutamic-Pyruvate Transaminase
Gene Names
GPT; AAT1; ALT1; GPT1
Purity
Greater than 95.0% as determined by: (a) Analysis by RP-HPLC. (b) Analysis by SDS-PAGE.
Aprotinin, Active Protein (Cat# AAA44781)
Full Name
Aprotinin, Bovine Lung
Gene Names
PTI; BPI; BPTI
Purity
99.5% (HPLC)
Pricing
Application Data
(Immobilized human ACE2 protein (mFc tag) at 2 ug/mL (100 uL/well) can bind SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) Spike S1+S2 (L18F, T20N, P26S, D138Y, R190S, K417T, E484K, N501Y, D614G, H655Y, T1027I) Protein (ECD, His Tag),the EC50 of SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) Spike S1+S2 (L18F, T20N, P26S, D138Y, R190S, K417T, E484K, N501Y, D614G, H655Y, T1027I) Protein (ECD, His Tag) is 100-600 ng/mL.)
COVID 19 Spike S1+S2 (L18F, T20N, P26S, D138Y, R190S, K417T, E484K, N501Y, D614G, H655Y, T1027I) Protein (ECD, His Tag) Coronavirus, Active Protein (Cat# AAA258082)
Full Name
SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) Spike S1+S2 (L18F, T20N, P26S, D138Y, R190S, K417T, E484K, N501Y, D614G, H655Y, T1027I) Protein (ECD, His Tag)
Purity
>85% as determined by SDS-PAGE
Pricing
Bioactivity
(Amphiregulin, also known as AREG, is an autocrine growth factor as well as a mitogen for astrocytes, Schwann cells, fibroblasts. It is related to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha). This protein interacts with the Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to promote the growth of normal epithelial cells. Besides, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) has been identified as an interactor of ARGE, thus a binding ELISA assay was conducted to detect the interaction of recombinant human ARGE and recombinant human EGFR. Briefly, ARGE were diluted serially in PBS, with 0.01% BSA (pH 7.4). Duplicate samples of 100uL were then transferred to EGFR-coated microtiter wells and incubated for 2h at 37. Wells were washed with PBST and incubated for 1h with anti-ARGE pAb, then aspirated and washed 3 times. After incubation with HRP labelled secondary antibody, wells were aspirated and washed 3 times. With the addition of substrate solution, wells were incubated 15-25 minutes at 37. Finally, add 50uL stop solution to the wells and read at 450nm immediately. The binding activity of ARGE and EGFR was shown in Figure 1, and this effect was in a dose dependent manner.Figure. The binding activity of ARGE with EGFR.)
Amphiregulin, Active Protein (Cat# AAA150047)
Full Name
Active Amphiregulin (AREG)
Gene Names
AREG; AR; SDGF; AREGB; CRDGF
Applications
Activity Assay, Cell Culture
Purity
>90%
Pricing
ACE2, Active Protein (Cat# AAA177001)
Full Name
Recombinant Human ACE2 Protein (mFc Tag)
Gene Names
ACE2; ACEH
Purity
>95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Thrombin, Active Protein (Cat# AAA44822)
Full Name
Thrombin, Human Plasma
Purity
>= 95% (SDS-PAGE)
Pricing
Matrix Metalloproteinase-7, Active Protein (Cat# AAA38246)
Full Name
Recombinant Human Matrix Metalloproteinase-7
Gene Names
MMP7; MMP-7; MPSL1; PUMP-1
Purity
Greater than 95.0% as determined by(a) Analysis by RP-HPLC. (b) Analysis by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Interleukin-17 A/F, Active Protein (Cat# AAA38661)
Full Name
Recombinant Rat Interleukin-17 A/F Heterodimer
Gene Names
IL17A; IL17; CTLA8; IL-17; IL-17A
Purity
Greater than 98.0% as determined by HPLC and SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Interleukin-4, Active Protein (Cat# AAA38110)
Full Name
Recombinant Human Interleukin-4
Gene Names
IL4; BSF1; IL-4; BCGF1; BSF-1; BCGF-1
Purity
Greater than 98.0% as determined by: (a) Analysis by RP-HPLC. (b) Analysis by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Insulin Like Growth Factor-1, Active Protein (Cat# AAA38121)
Full Name
Recombinant Mouse Insulin Like Growth Factor-1
Gene Names
Igf1; Igf-1; Igf-I; C730016P09Rik
Purity
Greater than 98.0% as determined by (a) Analysis by RP-HPLC. (b) Analysis by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Carbonic Anhydrase XII, Active Protein (Cat# AAA37995)
Full Name
Recombinant Human Carbonic Anhydrase XII
Gene Names
CA12; CAXII; CA-XII; T18816; HsT18816
Purity
Greater than 90.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Creatine Kinase MB Isoenzyme Type-1, Active Protein (Cat# AAA38099)
Full Name
Recombinant Human Creatine Kinase MB Isoenzyme Type-1
Purity
Greater than 95.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
Peptidyl-Prolyl Cis/Trans Isomerase NIMA-Interacting 1, Active Protein (Cat# AAA38283)
Full Name
Recombinant Human Peptidyl-Prolyl Cis/Trans Isomerase NIMA-Interacting 1
Purity
Greater than 95.0% as determined by(a) Analysis by RP-HPLC. (b) Analysis by SDS-PAGE.
Pricing
What Are Active Proteins?
Proteins are large molecules made up of long chains of amino acids.
They will typically fold into a very particular 3-dimensional shape/conformation, that is sometimes referred to as their “native” form, which allows them to work properly in the body. For the purposes of product categorization, AAA Biotech will typically refer to proteins purified from their original animal host as being “native” proteins (this is to signify their difference compared to their “recombinant” or “synthetic” protein counterparts).
If a protein successfully folds into the correct shape, it is will typically display high fidelity characteristics to its original protein in its original animal host, and be classified as an active protein, as it will be able to function “normally” in most enzymatic or binding capacities. If it loses this shape, due to factors such as heat or strong chemicals (such as detergents), it becomes inactive and is no longer able to perform its basic functions. All of the proteins in this category are made under strict quality control, and they are active, pure, low in contaminants, and stable.
Most are stored as freeze-dried powders and come without extra tags, so they’re very close to the actual natural/native form.
Key Applications of Active Proteins
1. Scientific Research
- Aid in the study of how proteins function in the body
- Aid in understanding various disease processes
2. Drug Development
- Powerful tools to investigate how potential drugs interact with specific proteins
- Ideal for identifying drug targets
3. Cell Culture
- Are routinely utilized to support cell growth and function (e.g., using exogenous growth factors)
- Can be used to promote cellular development into specific types (differentiation)
4. Diagnostics
- Regularly utilized in tests to detect diseases or infections (e.g., COVID-19, cancer)
- Note: All products are strictly for research-use only (RUO).
5. Therapeutics
- Some active proteins are used directly as treatments (e.g., insulin, enzymes)
- Note: All products are strictly for research-use only (RUO).
6. Vaccine Development
- Used to create or test vaccines by mimicking parts of viruses or bacteria
7. Biochemical Assays
- They can facilitate the characterization of enzyme activity, binding strength, or protein interactions in lab tests
Why Buy Active Proteins from AAA Biotech?
- High biological activity – Verified to perform as expected or indicated on datasheet
- Strict quality control – We are confident in our active proteins’ reliability and consistency
- High purity & low endotoxin – Ideal for applications involving sensitive or precious samples/components
- Freeze-dried for stability – Long shelf life and straightforward storage
- Mostly tag-free – Closer to natural/native protein form
FAQ
1. What are active proteins used for in research?
Active proteins are used primarily in the study of how proteins function, in characterizing/discovering drug interactions, supporting cell growth, running biochemical assays, and in development of diagnostics or therapeutics.
2. How are AAA Biotech's active proteins validated?
AAA Biotech’s active proteins are validated through strict quality control and functional assays to ensure they are properly folded and active. “Active”, though, can be an ambiguous term, so if a specific “activity” or “binding” capability of a protein is of crucial interest to you, please inquire with us prior to purchase, and we will provide further details on how the “Active” modifier was determined to be applicable.
3. Are these proteins tested for biological activity?
Yes, all active proteins from AAA Biotech are tested to confirm they have the expected biological activity before being offered for use. Though, said “biological activity” can be either “enzymatic”, “binding”, or both.